Center for Distance and Independent Study
Political Science 2520: Middle Eastern Politics

Course Credits

Developer

Carol Sholy with the Center for Distance and Independent Study

Instructional Editor and Web Adaptation

Marcie McGuire

Proofreader

Denise Vultee

Multimedia

Jerod Quinn

Image and Multimedia Attributions

Title graphic

Based on photo of Western Wall; courtesy of Wane McLean. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0.

Interactive Timeline

All images used in the timeline are in the public domain.

Lesson 1: State-Building—Confronting Ideology and the Challenge of Modernization

Figure 1.1. Israeli air strike on Tyre, Lebanon; courtesy of Masser. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0.

Figure 1.2. Berlan Avenue in Tehran, Iran; courtesy of Hessam M. Armandehi. Image licensed under GNU Free Documentation License.

Figure 1.3. Said Zainab shrine near Damascus, Syria. Image licensed under GNU Free Documentation License.

Figure 1.4. Rabbi of Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok Tay at a meeting with school children in Meah Shearim, Jerusalem; courtesy Daniel Yehuda Breslauer. Image licensed under GNU Free Documentation License.

Lesson 2: The Development and Impact of Patrimonial Patterns in Middle Eastern Society

Figure 2.1. Benazir Bhutto. Image is in the public domain because it is material provided by Voice of America, the official external radio and TV broadcasting service of the U.S. federal government.

Figure 2.2. Photo of the carpet bazaar in Tabriz, Iran. Image licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0.

Figure 2.3. Painting of Muhammad and his companions advancing on Mecca. Source: Siyer-i-Nebi: The Life of the Prophet, 1595. This image is in the public domain.

Lesson 3: The Impact of Contemporary Patrimonial Leadership in the Middle East

Figure 3.1. Portrait of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. This historical image is considered a national treasure of the Republic of Turkey and is in the public domain.

Figure 3.2. Photo of Imam Khomeini. This image is in the public domain because its term of copyright has expired in Iran.

Figure 3.3. Photo of Gamal Abdel Nasser. This image is in the public domain because its term of copyright has expired according to the Egyptian law.

Figure 3.4. Photo of Knesset building (south side); courtesy of Beny Shlevich. Image licensed under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2.

Lesson 4: The History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

Figure 4.1. Annotated satellite image of Israel, the Palestinian territories, and western Jordan. Image in public domain because it was created by NASA.

Figure 4.2. Daughter of Zion recruiting poster. Image in public domain because its copyright has expired.

Figure 4.3. Photo of Ehud Olmert. Image licensed under the Creative Commons License Attribution 2.5 Brazil.

Figure 4.4. Photo of Palestinian refugees, 1948. Public domain. Terms of copyright have expired in Israel.

Figure 4.5. Palestinian rights protestors in Toronto. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0.

Lesson 5: From Politics to War—The Growing Influence of the Gulf States

Figure 5.1. Map of Gulf States, courtesy of Hégésippe Cormier. Image licensed under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2.

Figure 5.2. Photo of Riyadh bombings in Saudi Arabia. Image is in the public domain because it is the work of a United States Department of State employee, taken during the course of official duties.

Figure 5.3. Photo of mass demonstration in Iran. Image licensed under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2.

Figure 5.4. Photo of USAF aircraft flying over burning Kuwaiti oil fields. This government photo is in the public domain.

Lesson 6: An Historical Overview of the Middle East

Figure 6.1. Levant map. Image released into the public domain by its author, ChrisRy5.

Figure 6.2. Construction of the temple of Jerusalem, 1470–1475. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 6.3. Destruction of the temple of Jerusalem by Francesco Hayez, 1867. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 6.4. Muhammad at Battle of Badr from The Life of the Prophet. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 6.5. Mamluk warrior, painting by Carle Vernet, 1810. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 6.6. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5.

Figure 6.7. Portrait of Ibrahim Pasha. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 6.8. Image of Theodor Herzl, 1904. Image is in the public domain.

Lesson 7: The British Mandate and the Decline of Palestine

Figure 7.1. Painting of George V of the United Kingdom in coronation robes. Painting by Samuel Luke Fildes. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 7.2. Russian 1914 poster of female personifications of France, Russia, and Britain. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 7.3. Image of Sharif Husayn. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 7.4. Composite of Lord Balfour's portrait and his declaration. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 7.5. Image of 1920 anti-Zionist demonstration at the gates of Damascus. Image is in the public domain. Source: Library of Congress.

Figure 7.6. Image of Jerusalem, Israel, around 1900. Image is in the public domain. Source: Library of Congress.

Figure 7.7. Photo of Vladimir Jabotinsky. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 7.8. Postcard by Karimeh Abbud. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 7.9. Photo of Western Wall and Dome of the Rock. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 1.0.

Figure 7.10. Photo of Jewish bus equipped with wire screens, 1930s. Image is in the public domain.

Lesson 8: The Creation of the State of Israel and the Arab-Israeli Wars

Figure 8.1. Photo of Jewish children after release from the Buchenwald concentration camp. Image is in the public domain. Source: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Figure 8.2. Photo of Harry Truman, David Ben-Gurion, and H.E. Abba Eban. Image is in the public domain. Source: Truman Library.

Figure 8.3. Photo of Arab volunteers, 1947. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 8.4. Photo of Israeli village, "Elyakim," 1950. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 8.5. Photo of Gamal Abdel Nasser and Nikita Khrushchev. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 8.6. Photo of Aswan High Dam in Egypt; courtesy of Hajor, 2002. Licensed under GNU Free Documentation license, Version 1.2.

Lesson 9: The Growth of Arab Nationalism and Its Impact on Israeli State-Building

Figure 9.1. Official Lebanese government portrait of President Camille Chamoun. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 9.2. Photo of the Jordan River; courtesy of David Bjorgen. Image licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5.

Figure 9.3. Image of Israeli flag. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 9.4. Photo of Nasser addressing the PLO in 1964. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 9.5. Map of the Middle East after 1967. Source: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs.

Figure 9.6. Jewish settlement on the West Bank, 1978. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0.

Figure 9.7. Photo of PFLP patrol, 1969. Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LOOK Magazine Photograph Collection. All rights released by LOOK magazine as an instrument of gift.

Figure 9.8. Photo of Israeli McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantom II at Tel Nof, Israel, in 2007; courtesy of Itayba. Image licensed under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2.

Figure 9.9. Photo of Golda Meir. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.

Figure 9.10. Photog of Henry Kissinger. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.

Figure 9.11. Photo of Syrian President Assad with soldiers on the Golan front in October 1973. Source: Damascus Online. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 9.12. Photo of Begin, Carter, and Sadat at Camp David, 1978. Image is in the public domain. Source: National Archives and Records.

Lesson 10: From Lebanon to Camp David and Back Again: The Peace Accords and Israeli Interventionism

Figure 10.1. Map of Civil War Lebanon, 1976. Image licensed under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2.

Figure 10.2. Photo of President Carter and King Hussein. Image is in the public domain. Source: National Archives and Records.

Figure 10.3. Photo of Sadat, Carter, and Begin at Camp David, 1978. Image is in the public domain. Source: National Archives and Records.

Figure 10.4. Photo of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Image is in the public domain. Source: Reagan Archives.

Figure 10.5. West Bank barrier, 2008. Photo by Tilmandralle. Image is in the public domain.

Figure 10.6. Photo of checkpoint in Beirut, 1982. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0.

Figure 10.7. Photo of Yasser Arafat in a refugee camp in southern Lebanon; courtesy of Hans Weingartz. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0.

Figure 10.8. Photo of Marine Corps building in Beirut, Lebanon. Official USMC photo is in the public domain.

Figure 10.9. Photo of First Intifada. Photo by Indymedia. Source: Peace Power.

Figure 10.10. Photo of demolished Palestinian home; courtesy of joeskillet. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0.

Figure 10.11. Photo of Rabin, Clinton, and Arafat, 1993. Official government photo is in the public domain. Source: National Archives and Records.

Lesson 11: The Oslo Accords and Beyond: Arab-Israeli Negotiations

Figure 11.1. Photo of Yitzhak Rabin. Image is in the public domain. Source: Department of Defense.

Figure 11.2. Photo of Israeli soldiers in Hebron; courtesy of Justin McIntosh, 2004. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0.

Figure 11.3. Photo of Barak, Clinton, and Arafat. Image is in the public domain. Source: National Archives and Records Administration.

Figure 11.4. Photo of security fence and settlement in Jerusalem; courtesy of Jacob Rask. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.0.

Figure 11.5. Photo of George H.W. Bush, 1990. Image is in the public domain. Source: White House Photo.

Figure 11.6. Photo of Sharon and Bush, 2003. Image is in the public domain. Source: Department of Defense.

Figure 11.7. Photo of Olmert, Rice, Abbas, 2007. Image is in the public domain. Source: U.S. State Department.

Figure 11.8. Photo of aftermath of Israeli air attack on Beirut, 2006. Photo by Koldo. Image licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 1.0.

Unless otherwise indicated, all images were accessed via Wikimedia Commons. Rights holders of any materials not credited on this page should contact CDIS.